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The 21 economies participating in APEC account for about 40% of the global population, about 50% of global trade and about 60% of global gross domestic product (GDP). Annual APEC ministerial and summit meetings attract wide interest from all quarters. Japan's Ministry of Trade and Industry (now the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) played a great role in the creation of APEC (Note 1). The Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) initiative put forward in the 2010 APEC Yokohama Vision has continued to guide regional economic integration agreements including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (Note 2). Will APEC continue to work as an important international framework in the region? In the following, I would like to argue that the APEC Putrajaya Vision 2040, announced in 2020, indicates the future direction of APEC, and discuss the environment surrounding APEC and APEC's roles, looking to the next two decades of APEC. Figure. APEC Members Source: APEC Secretariat Putrajaya Vision 2040 APEC is promoting a new vision in the 2020s. Following the Bogor Goals delivered in 1994 and the Osaka Action Guidelines developed in 1995, in 2020 APEC formulated the Putrajaya Vision 2040 and the Aotearoa Plan of Action in 2021. The Putrajaya Vision 2040 states, "Our Vision is an open, dynamic, resilient and peaceful Asia-Pacific community by 2040, for the prosperity of all our people and future generations." It then declared that APEC would pursue three economic drivers: (1) trade and investment, (2) innovation and digitalization, and (3) strong, balanced, secure, sustainable and inclusive growth. The 2021 Aotearoa Plan of Action specified the objectives, the evaluation of progress, individual actions and collective actions regarding the three economic drivers. In the future, specific actions will be implemented in line with the Plan of Action. Environment surrounding APEC Since the creation of APEC in 1989, the environment surrounding APEC has changed dramatically. First, China's presence has increased substantially since the 2000s. Regional and free trade agreement negotiations in the Asia-Pacific region have made much progress. In September 2021, China and Taiwan applied to join the CPTPP. Second, great hopes have been placed on the presence in Asia of the United States under the Obama, Trump and Biden administrations. At the October 2021 East Asian Summit, U.S. President Joe Biden delivered the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. Third, new multilateral forums have been developed in addition to the Group of Seven and APEC, including the Group of 20 and the East Asian Summit. The sharing of roles and cooperation among the multiple forums have become important. Fourth, the world including APEC now faces a new challenge of recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. The world is being forced to enhance supply chains, promote green economy and digital economy initiatives and facilitate human mobility. APEC's roles In such circumstances, I would like to make the following three points regarding the roles that APEC should play. First, APEC should serve as an incubator of ideas. APEC has implemented advanced and ambitious talks and initiatives under its voluntary and nonbinding principles. In 2012, APEC developed a list of environmental goods for tariff reduction and removal, leading to the World Trade Organization's negotiations on an Environmental Goods Agreement. (In 2021, APEC updated the list.) In 2011, APEC created the Cross-border Privacy Rules (CBPR) System, which is used for protecting personal information through corporate validation. (Talks are underway on the expansion of the CBPR system beyond APEC.) Second, APEC should take advantage of the uniqueness of its membership. The 21 APEC member economies are seven members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (excluding Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar), the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Korea and Japan. While the confrontation between the United States and China is controversial, APEC can provide the two countries with opportunities to discuss their cooperation along with other major regional economies. Third, APEC as a long-lasting regional framework has robustly developed its institutional frameworks including the secretariat, budgets and committees. It annually implements more than 100 projects for economic and technical cooperation, capacity building and other purposes. Japan has contributed to regional development by carrying out various projects, including training for capacity building for quality infrastructure development and investment, as well as workshops for sharing digital technologies in order to facilitate trade. Through such projects, APEC can be expected to further consolidate development infrastructure for the Asia-Pacific region. Future prospects Toward 2040, APEC is assumed to implement agendas for the three economic drivers put forward in the Putrajaya Vision 2040. Within the trade and investment agenda, it may be important for APEC to implement the promotion of a free and fair economic order, the correction of market distorting practices and the maintenance and enhancement of high-level comprehensive economic cooperation. As for the innovation and digitalization agenda, rulemaking and cooperation for realizing the Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT) initiative will be important. The sustainable and inclusive growth agenda includes the realization of regional carbon neutrality and the provision of stable and affordable energy (Note 3). Thailand, the APEC host for 2022, has put forward "open, connect and balance" as the unifying theme for APEC talks. In 2022, industry-government-academia cooperation in APEC activities is expected to make further progress. December 22, 2021 >> Original text in Japanese Footnote(s) ^ Muraoka, Shigeo, 2017. A Bureaucrat's Trajectory － Toward Creating APEC. Gentosha Inc.; Makihara Izuru Laboratory, University of Tokyo Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, 2020. Toyoda Masakazu Oral History (University of Tokyo Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Oral History Series, v.10) ^ For the history of APEC toward the Yokohama Vision, see APEC's Real Face – Asia-Pacific Front (Hattori, Takashi, 2009. Gentosha Renaissance Inc.) ^ As for international trends regarding climate change and energy, I authored Climate Change Norm and International Energy Regime (Hattori, Takashi, 2021. Bunshindo Publishing Corporation). I would be pleased if you refer to this book. Tweet January 14, 2022 Print Article(s) by this author New Era of APEC & International Economic Order in the Asia-Pacific Region August 1, 2022［Newspapers & Magazines］ APEC as a Venue for Soft Law July 26, 2022［Newspapers & Magazines］ Looking to the Next Two Decades of APEC January 14, 2022［Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2022 (January 2022)］ Articles Column Special Series Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2024 (January 2024) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2023 (January 2023) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2022 (January 2022) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2021 (January 2021) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2020 (January 2020) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2019 (January 2019) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2018 (January 2018) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2017 (January 2017) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2016 (January 2016) Fellows' Views on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2015 (January 2015) Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2014 (December 2013) Issues Facing the Japanese Economy in 2013 (January 2013) Issues Facing the Japanese Economy in 2012 (January 2012) Issues Facing the Japanese Economy in 2009 (January 2009) Issues Facing the Japanese Economy in 2008 (January 2008) Issues Facing the Japanese Economy in 2007 (January 2007) RIETI Fellows' View on Incident at Japanese Consulate-General in Shenyang (June 2002) Newspapers & Magazines Fellows' Works VoxEU Column From IZA Perspectives from Around the World Other Contents RIETI Report Policy Update Keizai Sangyo Journal Communications Newsletter RSS Feed Facebook X YouTube Research Areas Research Programs (FY2024-2028) Research Programs (FY2020-2023) Research Programs (FY2016-2019) Research Programs (FY2011-2015) Policy Research Domains (FY2006-2010) Projects Survey Fellows Research/Policy Papers Discussion Papers (English) Discussion Papers (Japanese) Policy Discussion Papers (English) Policy Discussion Papers (Japanese) Technical Papers (English) Technical Papers (Japanese) Non Technical Summaries List of Articles in Journals Research Digest Discussion Papers Search Publications RIETI Books (English) RIETI Books (Japanese) History of Japan's Trade and Industry Policy Authors' Words Other Publications (English) Other Publications (Japanese) Events Symposiums Workshops BBL Seminars Archived Seminar Series Data JIP Database R-JIP Database CIP Database Industry-Specific Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rates AMU and AMU Deviation Indicators JSTAR RIETI-TID RIETI FDI Database ICPA Project Links Articles Column Special Series Newspapers & Magazines Fellows' Works VoxEU Column From IZA Perspectives from Around the World Other Contents RIETI Report Policy Update Keizai Sangyo Journal (METI Journal) About RIETI Privacy Policy Site Policy Site Map Help Contact METI Web Site Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, IAA (JCN 6010005005426)JCN: Japan Corporate Number Opinions expressed or implied on this website are solely those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).Titles, numbers, specific names, etc. on this website are as of the date of publication. 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